CHAPTER 13 The Worlds of the 15th century

Reflection:

During the 15th century there were different types of societies. Meaning that there were hunter-gatherers, newly emerged chiefdoms, small states, nomadic/pastoral communities and more. People interacted with one another to gain knowledge and other benefits. Near the northwest coast of North America there were hunter-gatherers that had flourished. Some people during the 15th century tried to avoid larger empires. The nomads brought many destruction against Russia, Persia and India during this period. As times have passed the population within each country has risen and brought change to the economy. High increase in population brought power within city-states societies. In China the population increased as well and became one of the powerful countries. However, during the Ming Dynasty the population had reduced rapidly due to the plague. Empires had gained power, culture flourished, and oversea expansion. Not only China but also Europe. In the 15th century the Europeans, just like the Chinese, launched outward-bound maritime expeditions. The Chinese had strong belief of their culture, as well as the Europeans. The Chinese and European civilizations brought impact and change to the Islamic world. The one that lasted the longest and impressive of these new states was the Ottoman Empire because of the diverse people, and economic and cultural sophistication. Also brought a new political unity and sharp division to Islam. Population in civilizations flourished in MesoAmerica following Aztec Empire and Inca Empire. Through this people started a web connection where people shared ideas, knowledge, communication, influence, and exchange.

CHAPTER 12

Reflection:
The "revolution of domestication" involved both plants and animals. People during this time could handle both at the same time bringing an economic foundation. People from different places had different/unique ways of taking care of there agriculture distinguishing them from other communities. Not all societies did women have a lot of priorities, however, in nomadic societies offered women a higher status and with a greater role. There were many societies during this period. One was pastoral societies. In this society the most important characteristics was mobility. People in this society traveled/ migrated a lot. These people will bring with them tents for to live in. People would depend on the foods/agriculture from their nearest neighbor. With nomadic pastoralists creating a large population was difficult and within this society people did not have much wealth to build an army or bureaucracies compared to other societies. The pastoral nomad interacted with their nearby neighbors involving agriculture, military, and culture issues. Through communication with other communities and trade has led societies to a food-producing revolution. Arabs, Berbers, Turks and Mongols part of the nomadic region created one of the largest and most influential empires. The most dramatic was the Arabs. These people developed a camel saddle that brought them the advantage to take control over the trade route. The mongols traveled a lot during this period and built a strong military. There military had the ability to move materials and human resources. The Mongols employed in high positions number of Muslims and several Europeans. During this era there were interactions with Persia and Russia with the Mongols. The Mongol empire grew rapidly and strong bringing impact to the economy global wide. Not only did people during this time traded culture, agriculture and military resources but also plagues/diseases. Many people have died and suffered form pandemics causing a decrease and little strength within the communities.

CHAPTER 1

Reflection:
Europe was the global center of Christianity meaning that several people who were Christians lived in this country. People during this time viewed this a continuation of the Roman Empire. During this time the Byzantines viewed themselves as "Romans". Byzantine took over the Roman Empire. Political structure was strong and firm. It was centralized in Constantinople. People during this era wore only certain clothes and shoes. In this time period religion had a big impact on society. For example, orthodox cChristianity influenced many people in Byzantine. The popes during this era were supporters of icon veneration. The Byzantine empire interacted with other countries/empires. Bringing influence on new traditions/religions to other people bringing diversity. The Byzantine empire was the central player in trade around Eurasia. The people here traded several diverse materials that were highly costed during the time. Through interactions by people with people everyone new and learned about different traditions/cultures and religions. One must think that these strong empires lasted forever, but actually did not last entirely many had fallen and became part of history. These fallen empires could have brought benefits to some countries/empires, but it also affected other empires/countries. Example, one empire brought/introduced new ideas to other empires and these empires started to gain more and more but as soon as the empire falls down the other empires that gained benefits starts to lack material and ideas. within countries agriculture grew and grew which became one of the big things to trade with other countries. slowly people/countries started to became firm and strong. the population within countries grew rapidly. During this time many were impacted and influenced by Roman empire but some countries were not such as China, Islamic world, and many more. Not only was ideas, materials, agriculture traded with one another but also language and certain texts.

CHAPTER 9

Reflection:
China regained there unity under the Sui Dynasty. This era was called the Golden Age because the arts and literature. During this era the Tang and Song dynasty built a state structure that lasted for many years. During this time the education and examination grew rapidly. The Song dynasty was an economic revolution because it under lied political and cultural achievements. Rapid growth of population led people to find their way to cities making China most urbanized country in the world. Through using the routes people/merchants traded for food and other materials which made an immense network. Within in China the women and men were separated in every domain of life. Within the  Chinese culture people expressed tightening patriarchy through foot binding. This portrayed female beauty. Within the Chinese economy men started to work in factories doing skilled tasks such as weaving, sewing and many more that women had usually done. In the north the Chinese interacted with foreigners. The Chinese were fully articulated by the time of the Han Dynasty. The Chinese represented a civilization leading the Chinese having a large and powerful nomadic empires. Then came the nomadic that ruled some parts of China. The nomadic adopted and took advantage of the Chinese cultures. The Chinese interacted with other Asian countries. China overruled/took over Korea. Within the Korea, the Silla Kingdom united with the Tang dynasty in China. Not only was Korea involved but also Vietnam with China, and Japan with China. Chinese economy grew and started to impact not only Asia but also Eurasia. China and India had interactions with each other that brought a lot of change and impact. One was religion. India had Buddhism which then China had brought it to their culture.

Polynesia/ CHAPTER 6

Reflection:
Throughout Indonesia the boats represented simple dugout canoes. Chapter 6 goes into talking about how the Vikings settled in southern Scandinavia. In this location there were Germanic people were they all shared a common language called Norse. There varieties of culture, religion and many more within this civilization. During the winters people had trouble relying on the crops, so the people had to hunt instead in order to survive. People that lived in the north sea relied on ships for trade and also communication.
In Denmark, the people built boats that were called "longboats". During this time religion was a big issue. Christians deemed Viking raids punishment because they believed that it was attributing it to Gods' doing. During this era there were migrations in order for people to explore opportunities. Within the Viking homeland people nourished trade. Which led some cities to be wealthy. During this period, within the Polynesia community people at that time could not read or write, so people could not write/ record history until the Europeans reached the Pacific around 16th century. People within this period left evidence such as photos of canoes and many sources and texts that scholars had once used to reconstruct lost world of Vikings and Polynesians.

Chapter 8 commerce and culture

Reflection:
The landless in Eurasia was majority of humankind. There were a lot of agriculture and had the largest civilization. During this time silk roads started to lay in both geography and history. Many goods made there way through silk roads. It was silk that symbolized Eurasian exchange system. Trade was very important to the people in Eurasia. People learned new things and brought diversity to their culture. In particular Buddhism was the cultural product of Indian civilization which then later spread throughout the world. Not only did religion and goods were spreading but also diseases. These diseases trveled throughout countries and brought a lot of impact, killing many people causing a decrease in population. Diseases, however, gave people an idea to find a way to treat these people. This led to medicine and different cures. People started to gain knowledge which allowed people to survive. During this time there were many exchanges going on. People did trade across the indian ocean. Sea roads were a catalyst for change this incised southeast Asia, srivijaya, east Africa, and Swahili civilization. There were also sand roads for exchange across the sahara. A lot of trade happened within civilizations bringing in new knowledge. Trade alllowed country to communicate with one another. This all leads to a modern world.

Chapter 7 classical era variations

Reflection:
This chapter goes into Africa and the Americas. It refers to the reader that Africa is a continental landless. Africa have separate societies, cultures, and civilizations. During the classical era african civilization such as Egypt and Nubia, changed over time. The chapter goes onto the Nile valley civilization where people there fought against Egypt. During this Meroe and Nubia represented the continuation of African civilization. In some parts of Africa it's economic foundation was highly productive wiu agriculture. In west Africa there was emerge of urbanization. The Niger urban centers were not apart of a large imperial system. In parts of Africa there was a hierarchal organization. Africa showed a development during the classical era by revealing a movement of bantu-speaking people. These people interacted with others which brought cross cultural encounters. These Bantu-speaking people had various advantages. Such as agriculture which generated a more productive economy. This led people to live in smaller area. There were much gather-hunterers in Africa. These people brought distinct societies and cultures. There was much diversity.
In the Americas there were a group of people that were a major classical civilization of mesoamerica, these were the mayas. The Maya civilization flourished throughout the years. The Maya had scholars, agricultures, certain specialists, and many more that brought the mayas a civilization brought impact. Another civilization in the Americas is the Andes. In he Andes there were several cultures. There were pan-Andean religious movement and moche, a elregional Andean civilization. This is where there were an immense wealth of warrior-priest elite and artistry of craftsmen. In this civilizations there was a cultural achievement. The most prominent was mesoamerican and Andean regions. Within the Americas there were a lot of change which led to a huge landless and varieties of cultures.